Community Building Through Social Annotation: Building Academic Literacies at a Distance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21432/cjlt28803Keywords:
academic literacies, community of inquiry, online learning, principles of inclusive pedagogy, social annotationAbstract
Student readiness for university study cannot be assumed; the progression to become a successful student requires support. Highlighting the implementation of purposeful, accessible, and inclusive pedagogical design, this case study explores emergent academic literacies and community building using social annotation in the context of remote teaching and learning. This study analyses first year international students’ annotations in academic texts for indicators of learning and community in their asynchronous interactions with one another. Findings indicate that students were able to discern relevant aspects of meaning-making within their texts, pointing to developing academic literacies. Student threaded annotations, group work, and peer review demonstrated individual and shared learning developed over sustained engagement with one another. The study provides support for a curriculum that facilitates and supports novice scholar participation in university communities and discourses.
References
Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teaching presence in a computer conferencing context. Online Learning, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v5i2.1875
Arbaugh, J. B., Cleveland-Innes, M., Diaz, S. R., Garrison, D. R., Ice, P., Richardson, J. C., & Swan, K. P. (2008). Developing a community of inquiry instrument: Testing a measure of the community of inquiry framework using a multi-institutional sample. The Internet and Higher Education, 11(3), 133–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.06.003
Basset, M., & Macnaught, L. (2024). Embedded approaches to academic literacy development: A systematic review of empirical research about impact. Teaching in Higher Education, 30(5), 1065–1083. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2024.2354280
Beers, M. A., Hall, M. L., Matthews, A. G. W., Elmore, D. E., Oakes, E. S. C., Goss, J. W., & Radhakrishnan, M. L. (2021). A fully integrated undergraduate introductory biology and chemistry course with a community‐based focus I: Vision, design, implementation, and development. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 49(6), 859–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21565
Bond, B., (2020). Making language visible in the university: English for academic purposes and internationalization. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788929301
Butler, D., Schnellert, L., & Perry, N. E. (2017). Developing self-regulated learners. Pearson.
Centre for Applied Special Technology. (2018). Universal design for learning guidelines. Version 2.2. https://udlguidelines.cast.org/
Cho, Y. H., & Cho, K. (2011). Peer reviewers learn from giving comments. Instructional Science, 39(5), 629–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-010-9146-1
Choo, J., Bakir, N., Scagnoli, N. I., Ju, B., & Tong, X. (2020). Using the community of inquiry framework to understand students’ learning experience in online undergraduate business courses. TechTrends, 64(1), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00444-9
Clinton-Lisell V. (2023). Social annotation: what are students’ perceptions and how does social annotation relate to grades?. Research in Learning Technology, 31. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v31.3050
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923640109527071
Guasch, T., Espasa, A., Alvarez, I. M., & Kirschner, P. A. (2013). Effects of feedback on collaborative writing in an online learning environment. Distance Education, 34(3), 324–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2013.835772
Hamilton, L. (2024). Case study research in education: Considering possible paradoxes and concerns. In P. Rule & V. M. John (Eds.), Handbook of case study research in the social sciences (pp. 194–214). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803920320.00022
Kalantzis, M., Cope, B., Chan, E., & Dalley-Trim, L. (2016). Literacies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Kalir, J. H., Morales, E., Fleerackers, A., & Alperin, J. P. (2020), “When I saw my peers annotating”: Student perceptions of social annotation for learning in multiple courses. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(3/4), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-12-2019-0128
Kalir, R., & Garcia, A. (2021). Annotation (1st ed.). The MIT Press.
Klinger, C., & Murray, N. (2012). Tensions in higher education: Widening participation, student diversity and the challenge of academic language/literacy. Widening Participation and Lifelong Learning, 14(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.5456/WPLL.14.1.27
Lea, M. R., & Street, B. V. (1998). Student writing in higher education: An academic literacies approach. Studies in Higher Education, 23(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079812331380364
Li, L., Liu, X., & Steckelberg, A. L. (2010). Assessor or assessee: How student learning improves by giving and receiving peer feedback. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41, 525–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.00968.x
Lillis, T. (2006). Moving towards an ‘Academic Literacies’ pedagogy: Dialogues of participation. In L. Ganobcsik-Williams (Ed.), Teaching academic writing in UK higher education: Theories, practices and models (pp. 30–46). Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20858-2
Lowenthal, P. R., Humphrey, M., Conley, Q., Dunlap, J. C., Greear, K., Lowenthal, A., & Giacumo, L. A. (2020). Creating accessible and inclusive online learning: Moving beyond compliance and broadening the discussion. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 21(2), 1–21.
Lower, M. L. P. (2022). Communities of inquiry pedagogy in undergraduate courses. Law Teacher, 56(4), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069400.2022.2075109
Maldoni, A. M. (2018). “Degrees of deception” to degrees of proficiency: Embedding academic literacies into the disciplines. Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 12(2), 102–129. https://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/view/408
Martin, J. L., & Walsh Marr, J. (2024). Framing the looking glass: Reflecting constellations of listening for inclusion. In N. Tilakaratna & E. Szenes (Eds.), Demystifying critical reflection: Improving pedagogy and practice with legitimation code theory. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003177210-13
Morales, E., Kalir, J. H., Fleerackers, A., & Alperin, J. P. (2022). Using social annotation to construct knowledge with others: A case study across undergraduate courses [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research, 11, 235. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.109525.2
Nallaya, S., Hobson, J. E., & Ulpen, T. (2022). An investigation of first year university students’ confidence in using academic literacies. Issues in Educational Research, 3(1), 264–291. http://www.iier.org.au/iier32/nallaya.pdf
Nye, A. (2015). Building an online academic learning community among undergraduate students. Distance Education, 36(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2015.1019969
O’Sullivan, D. (2017, March 5). Reflective writing [Video File]. Monash College. https://vimeo.com/207029935.
Sareen, S., & Mandal, S. (2024). Behaviourist-Constructivist Pedagogical Design Possibilities Within the Community of Inquiry Framework. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 50(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.21432/cjlt28673
Sharif, A., Chan, J. C. K., Welsh, A., Myers, J., Engle, W., & Wilson, B. (2024). Leaving no students behind: Reimagining our design practices to remove barriers. In B. Wuetherick, A. Germain-Rutherford, D. Graham, N. Baker, D. J. Hornsby, & N. K. Turner, (Eds.). Online learning, open education, and equity in a post-pandemic world (pp. 191–209). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69449-3_9
Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2010). Learning presence: Towards a theory of self-efficacy, self-regulation, and the development of a [sic] communities of inquiry in online and blended learning environments. Computers & Education, 55(4), 1721–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.017
Shea, P., Li, C. S., & Pickett, A. (2006). A study of teaching presence and student sense of learning community in fully online and web-enhanced college courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 9(3), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2006.06.005
Smith, J. C., Nichols, S. R., Yoo, S., & Oehler, K. (2009). Building a community of inquiry in a problem-based undergraduate number theory course: The role of the instructor. In D. A. Stylianou, M. L. Blanton & J. Knuth (Eds.), Teaching and learning proof across the grades (pp. 307–322). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203882009-18
Sterner, S. K., & Fisher, L. C. (2020). Expanding academic writing: A multilayered exploration of what it means to belong. Taboo, 19(5), 65–80. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/taboo/vol19/iss5/5
Tavares, V. (2024). Online instruction and international students: More challenges for a vulnerable population. In B. Wuetherick, A. Germain-Rutherford, D. Graham, N. Baker, D. J. Hornsby, & N. K. Turner (Eds.), Online learning, open education, and equity in a post-pandemic world (pp. 211–230). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69449-3_10
van Heerden, M., & Bharuthram, S. (2023). “It does not feel like I am a university student”: Considering the impact of online learning on students’ sense of belonging in a “post pandemic” academic literacy module. Perspectives in Education, 41(3), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.38140/pie.v41i3.6780
Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2007). A question of belonging: Race, social fit, and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 82–96. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.82
Wingate, U., & Tribble, C. (2012). The best of both worlds? Towards an English for academic purposes/academic literacies writing pedagogy. Studies in Higher Education, 37(4), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.525630
Zappa‐Hollman, S., & Fox, J. A. (2021). Engaging in linguistically responsive instruction: Insights from a first‐year university program for emergent multilingual learners. TESOL Quarterly, 55(4), 1081–1091. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3075
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jennifer Walsh Marr, Shihua Tan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under an International Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC-BY-NC 4.0) that allows others to share the work for non-commercial purposes, with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.